Geological, mineralogical-petrographical and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Çatalçam (Soma-Manisa) Au-Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization

Extensional regime in western Anatolia caused development of metamorphic core complexes, NEand E-W-trending basins and emplacement of magmatic rocks since Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. The Alaçamdað magmatic complex, which is located to the west of the Simav metamorphic core complex, includes significant data that highlight the style of extensional regime in western Turkey. It consists of Early Miocene granitic intrusions and volcanic rocks with variable compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite. The granitic intrusions that were emplaced into the basement rocks of the Menderes Massive and Ýzmir-Ankara Zone are divided into two facies based on their lithological and textural characteristics: Musalar and Alaçam granites. The Musalar granite has typical holocystalline equigranular texture, while the Alaçam granite is characterised by its porphyritic texture defined by abundant K-feldspar megacrysts. Both granite units were locally transformed into mylonites along shear zones. Volcanic rocks consist of Saðýrlar volcanic unit and felsic volcanic rocks. Saðýrlar volcanic unit is made up of andesitic/dacitic intrusions, domes, lava flows, dykes and volcanogenic sedimentary rocks. The felsic volcanic rocks, which unconformably overlies the Saðýrlar volcanic unit, consist of ignimbrite, dacite and rhyolite. These rocks have transitional contacts with alluvial/lacustrine sedimentary deposits. Ductile deformation on the granitic rocks, intra-basinal unconformities and syn-sedimentary deformational structures within the deposits are closely associated with the development of extensional regime during Early Miocene in western Turkey.

The metamorphics belonging to the Kırşehir Massif, which form the pre-Paleogene basement units in Central Anatolia around Kırşehir, are formed from bottom to top by conformable and transitional Late Devonian Kalkanlıdağ, Carboniferous-Early Permian Kervansaray and Late Permian Bozçaldağ formations and by the unconformably overlying Triassic Demirtepe and Jurassic- Cretaceous Saytepe formations. The sedimentation age of 237 Ma were obtained from the clastic zircons in the quartzites of the Demirtepe formation by the U/Pb method, and the metamorphism age ranges from 94.5 Ma and 83.7±3.3 Ma from the metabasites from the Whole Rock by the 40Ar/39Ar method. The Kasımağa and Sırataşlar formations within the Çiçekdağı Nappe belonging to the northern branch of Neotethys, which were tectonically emplaced over these units and the Turonian- Santonian Kargınkızıközü formation, which were the product of ensimatic island arc magmatism, were distinguished. The metamorphics and the Central Anatolian plutonic rocks, which cut the overlying ophiolitic rocks, were differentiated according to their composition, origin and age, and ranges from 71.9±1.7 Ma from the Baranadağ pluton; ranges from 84.0±1.9 Ma and 71.9±7.2 Ma from the Çayağzı pluton; ranges from 69.1±1.2 Ma by the40Ar/39Ar method, and 65.3±1.1 Ma were obtained from the Buzlukdağı pluton by the U/Pb method. The age ranges from 79.1±1.2-68.2±1.2 Ma and 74.5 Ma were obtained from the whole rock by 40Ar/39Ar method from trachyandesites belonging to the Kötüdağ volcanics, which are surface-semi-depth rocks of granite, monzonite and syenite composition plutonic rocks. The cover units overlie all these units with an angular unconformity. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.930051

The water sources in parts of the River Mamu sub-Basin, southeastern Nigeria were evaluated for domestic and agricultural purposes using hydrogeology and water quality. Thirty water samples from both surface water and groundwater were analysed for hydrochemical and biological parameters. The average depth to aquifers and their thicknesses are 109.9m and 11.8m respectively. The concentration of the major ions, TDS and EC are within the DSÖ permissible guidelines for drinking water. Heavy metals concentration ranges in mg/L for Cd2+ (0 - 0.06), Cr3+ (0 - 0.19), Hg2+(0 -1.0), As3+ (0 - 0.14) and total Fe (0 - 2.4) which in some of the samples exceed the permissible guideline values. The fecal coliform range in 100ml/L of samples (0 - 36) exceeds the guideline values in some of the samples. The water is Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 type with the dominant ions as Ca2+ and SO4 2- for both groundwater and surface water. The dominant geochemical processes are rock-water interaction in the groundwater, which is a major contributor of dissolved ions and precipitation in the surface water. The WQI (17.84 - 301.99) connotes some samples as very poor quality for domestic purposes. Irrigation indices depict most of the water as good to excellent for agriculture. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.941090

This paper presents and analyzes results from a Finite Difference Modeling (FDM), processing, and imaging study of a Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profiling (WVSP) survey, and discusses how the images from WVSP enhance those from the surface seismic data. It is shown that the results from the WVSP integrate well with the image from the surface seismic performed in the same line. For the study, a seismic model with vertically and horizontally varying velocities was built and a WVSP data set was generated. The surface seismic had difficulty showing clear images from the layers with steep dips and near vertical displacements on the model due to the lack of ray coverage. The study demonstrates that the WVSP geometry can record reflections from near vertical layers facing the borehole, which help with imaging the parts of the subsurface structure which were missing in the surface seismic. With the proper combination of the images from the WVSP and the surface seismic, a more complete image profile of the subsurface can be constructed around the borehole. However, while contributing to surface seismic, it is also seen that the WVSP introduces more migration artifacts related to source interval distance and interbed multiples than the surface seismic data. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.981941